Background: Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Emerging evidence has shown that the all classes of antidepressants exhibit a significant stimulatory role on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the process of generating mature neurons from neural progenitors. In addition, adult neurogenesisis required for some of the behavioral effects of antidepressants in rodents, suggesting that neurogenesis plays a crucial role in the mechanism of antidepressant actions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the modulation of different stages of adult neurogenesis by antidepressants are not fully understood. Here we identified secreted frizzled related protein 3 (sFRP3), a Wnt inhibitor highly expressed in the adult dentate gyrus, as a key regulator of activity-dependent modulation of neurogenesis by antidepressants in the adult brain. These findings indicate that sFRP3 serves as a key regulator that controls adult neurogenesis and antidepressant actions.
Discussion: The PROACTIVE study is distinctive among recent studies that compared LAI RISP to oral antipsychotics in its length and use of both on-site and blinded, centralized Master Raters to assess psychopathology. In general, these other studies have reported similar results to ours; no significant differences in relapse or rehospitalization. In the recently reported study by Rosenheck (2010) rehospitalization by 24 months was approximately 50%. In our study at 30 months the percent is less than 40. In recent studies comparing LAI to oral antipsychotics medications the frequency of contact has been uniform across treatment groups; this frequency may differ from usual care and may impact medication adherence and outcome. Our study differs from others in finding significantly greater improvement in psychotic symptoms over time among subjects who receive LAI RISP than oral medication. Future analyses will examine relapse over the full course of study treatment, other symptoms and social functioning over time to evaluate whether reduction in psychosis translates into better long term functional outcomes.
Finding Joseph I: An Oral History of H.R. from Bad Brains downloads torrent
Methods: Children (age 11-21; n=5,631; mean age=15.41; 54% female) participated in the ARRA funded Neurodevelopmental Genomics and Trajectories of Complex Phenotypes (Gur, Hakonarson, PI's), or Grand Opportunity (GO) study that is currently conducting clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypic characterization of a large cohort of 10,000 prospectively accrued community participants, age 8 to 21 years. This 2-year collaboration between the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia includes three components: a screen for personal and family history of psychopathology (GOASSESS) and computerized neurocognitive testing of 10,000 participants, and neuroimaging of a subset of 1,000 participants. Psychopathology is assessed using a computerized, structured screener (GOASSESS) that was developed from a modified version of the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). The psychopathology screener allows symptom and criterion-related assessment of major disorders, including psychosis spectrum, and treatment history. The GOASSESS psychosis section was developed to screen for hallucinations and delusions, their context (substances, illness, medicines), and reported distress/impairment. The PRIME Screen is a 12-item screening questionnaire developed to assess sub-psychotic symptoms (Miller et al., 2004). Prior work has shown high sensitivity and specificity in young adult clinical (Miller et al., 2004) and non-clinical (college student) samples (Kobayashi et al., 2008); these properties combined with its brevity made it especially suitable for incorporation in GOASSESS. To our knowledge, there have been no investigations of the PRIME Screen in a community sample of children and adolescents. We therefore evaluated the PS-R in GO participants. Items are self-rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 (Definitely Disagree) to 6 (Definitely Agree). Using the original PRIME Screen, a positive screen is >=1 item rated 6. PS-R Total score was also calculated to provide a quantitative risk indicator.
Discussion: The results from this study demonstrate that when matched for marijuana use, the behavioral effects of marijuana do not seem to differ between male and female heavy marijuana smokers. These findings suggest that sex may not contribute in a clinically meaningful manner to differences in the acute effects of marijuana in heavy smokers. 2ff7e9595c
Comments